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COMPUTING DEVICE (PRE – COMPUTER AGE TO 19TH CENTURY)

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(i)                   ABACUS: This is the first calculating device invented by Chinese. It is made up of a frame divided into two parts by a horizontal bar an vertical threads. It is also known Soroban in Japan and Suan Pan in China. It is used for adding and subtracting numbers. (ii)                 JOHN NAPIER BONE: In 1917, Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithm which are a technology that allows multiplication. It consists of a set of eleven rods, with four sides each used as a multiplication tool. These rods were made with bones. (iii)               SLIDE RULE: Napier’s invention led directly to slide rule. It was first built in England in 1632. It uses two logarithm scales to allow rapid multiplication and    division of numbers. (iv)               PASCAL’S CALCULATOR: In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and scientist at age 19 invented the PASCALINE which is the first mechanical calculating machine. It is used for addition and subt
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COMPUTING DEVICE (20TH CENTURY TO COMPUTER AGE)

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HARVARD MARK I In 1937, Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University, using the techniques already developed for punched card machinery, began work on the design of a fully automatic machine in collaboration with International Business Machines Corporation. His aim was to develop a machine that could help him in the solution of difficult differential equations, the large calculation of which would have been unreal manually. COMPONENTS The Mark I was originally controlled from pre – punched paper tape without provision for reversal, so that automatic transfer of control instructions could not be programmed. Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. USES Harvard Mark I, handled 23 – decimal – place numbers (words) and could perform all four arithmetic operations; moreover, it had special built – in programs or sub routine to handle logarithms and trigonometric functions. ENIAC ENIAC used a word of 10 decimal digits instead of binary ones like previous automated calcula
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INFORMATION AND DATA

DATA AND INFORMATION Data is derived from the Latin word called DATUM which means “fact that is yet to be manipulated to produce result. Therefore, data is a raw fact, event, transaction or activities that have not been processed. Examples are 1, k4, Olu etc. TYPES OF DATA (i)                  ALPHABETIC DATA: This is a data that have relationship with alphabets A – Z. Examples are sex, name, State of origin etc. (ii)                NUMERIC DATA: These are data that made up of numbers or digits value only. Examples are number of students in a class, number of children in a family, age etc. (iii)              SYMBLOIC DATA: These are data that represents symbolic values. Examples are - , +, x ,/, % etc. (iv)              ALPHANUMERIC DATA: These are data that combines alphabetic and numeric data. Examples are date of birth, address, Peugot 407, Ak 47, SS1 etc. SOURCES OF DATA (i)                  Library. (ii)                Past records. (iii)              Inte
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